ANALYSIS ON THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL RESTRICTIONS DURING THE PANDEMIC ON SPORTS PRACTICE IN ITALY: REFLECTIONS, CONSEQUENCES AND PERSPECTIVES

Stefania Morsanuto, Anna Maria Mariani, Francesco Peluso Cassese, Marco Perissa, Juri Morico

Abstract


Measures aimed at containing the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) have led to social distancing and the limitation of exits for all age groups. Physical movement was drastically limited or stopped, with important consequences on physical and mental well-being. This can have a negative effect on body image, especially on the younger population, leading to a lower level of self-efficacy and self-esteem.

Many opportunities to be physically active have been suspended (Hall et al., 2020) with potential consequences for children and adults. As a matter of fact, physical inactivity can have a negative effect on body image, especially in younger population (Gaddad et al., 2018) with severe consequences in self-efficacy and academic achievement (D’Amico & Cardaci, 2003). In older adults the greater sedentary time, can lead to the increased risk of ill-health and poor wellbeing when associated with isolation (Schrempft et al., 2019; Herbolsheimer et al., 2018).

Many research activities, in the field of social sciences and biology, have analyzed the benefits of physical activity on psycho-physical well-being. There are numerous scientific evidences showing how exercise decreases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and some forms of cancer, in addition to helping preventing obesity and diabetes (Warburton, Nicol, Bredin, 2006). Furthermore, physical exercise has significant effects on mental health (Stuart, 2016); in particular, the benefits of sport have been explored to counteract the development of states of anxiety (Anderson, Shivakumar, 2013) and depression (Craft, Perna, 2004). We can affirm that sport is an important moderating variable in the perception of individual well-being, the integrity of which depends on numerous factors of an environmental and personal nature, which, all together, determine our health state.

Through this study we wanted to analyze how the pandemic has changed the sports practice habits of the Italian population in the period of social restrictions. The O.P.E.S. Organizzazione per l'Educazione allo Sport (Organization for Sports Education) distributed and collected the results of a social survey questionnaire that reached hundreds of people practicing sports by collecting data on both users and changes in the service offer.

This article scientifically analyzes the results of the questionnaire and on the basis of these evaluations are proposed on the impact of the COVID 19 emergency period on sports practice in Italy.


Keywords


Sport Managing; Athlete; Covid-19; Life style; Data Analysis; Sport Manager, Atleti; Covid-19; Stile di vita; Analisi dei dati

Full Text:

PDF (Italiano)

References


Al-Rabiaah, A., Temsah, M.-H., Al-Eyadhy, A. A., Hasan, G. M., Al-Zamil, F., Al-Subaie, S., Alsohime, F., Jamal, A., Alhaboob, A., Al-Saadi, B., & Somily, A. M. (2020). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus (MERS-CoV) associated stress among medical students at a university teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 13(5), 687–691.

Altıntaş, A., Aşçı, F. H., Kin-İşler, A., Güven-Karahan, B., Kelecek, S., Özkan, A., Yılmaz, A., & Kara, F. M. (2014). The role of physical activity, body mass index and maturity status in body-related perceptions and self-esteem of adolescents. Annals of Human Biology, 41(5), 395-402.

Bagger J. K., (2019). The Professionalization of Sports Coaching: A case study of a graduate soccer coaching education program. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education.

Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., et al. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 395, 912–920. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.

Burke, C.A. (2009). Mindfulness-Based approaches with children and adolescents: a preliminary review of current research in an emergent field, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 12.

Coombes, J.S., Law, J., Lancashire, B., Fassett, R.G. (2013). Exercise is medicine: curbing the burden of chronic disease and physical inactivity, Asia Pac J Public Health, Epub, 9.

Fröberg, A. (2020). How children and young people can stay physically active during the novel coronavirus pandemic while take into account safety measures and precautions, Health Promotion Perspectives, 10, 4, 295-299.

Gaddad, P., Pemde, H., Basu, S., Dhankar, M., & Rajendran, S. (2018). Relationship of physical activity with body image, self-esteem sedentary lifestyle, body mass index and eating attitude in adolescents: A cross-sectional observational study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 7(4), 775.

Harnett, P.H., Dawe, S. (2012). The contribution of Mindfulness-based therapies for children and families and proposed conceptual integration. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 17, 195-208.

Herbolsheimer, F., Ungar, N., & Peter, R. (2018). Why Is Social Isolation Among Older Adults Associated with Depressive Symptoms? The Mediating Role of Out-of-Home Physical Activity. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25(6), 649–657.

Huber, B.C., Steffen, J., Schlichtiger, J., Graupe, T., Deuster, E., et al. (2020). Alteration of physical activity during COVID‑19 pandemic lockdown in young adults, J Transl Med, 18, 410.

Liu X, Kakade M, Fuller CJ, et al. Depression after exposure to stressful events: lessons learned from the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic. Compr Psychiatry 2012; 53: 15–23.

Mariani, A. M., Melchiori, F. M., & Marcolongo, F. (2020). The influence of physical activity in resilience and coping strategies in adulthood. Giornale Italiano Di Educazione Alla Salute, Sport e Didattica Inclusiva, 4, 1.

Maugeri, G., Castrogiovanni, P., Battaglia, G., Pippi, R., D’Agata, V. et al. (2020). The impact of physical activity on psychological health during Covid-19 pandemic in Italy, Heliyon, 6, e04315.

Moore, S.A., Faulkner, G., Rhodes, R.E., Brussoni, M., Chulak-Bozzer, T., Ferguson, L.J., et al. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 virus outbreak on movement and play behaviours of Canadian children and youth: a national survey. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act., 17, 1, 85. doi: 10.1186/s12966-020-00987-8.

O’Reilly, A., Tibbs, M., Booth, A., Doyle, E., McKeague, B., & Moore, J. (2020). A rapid review investigating the potential impact of a pandemic on the mental health of young people aged 12–25 years. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 1-16. doi:10.1017/ipm.2020.106.

Piercy, K.L., Troiano, R.P., Ballard, R.M., Carlson, S.A., Fulton, J.E., Galuska, D.A., et al. (2018). The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA, 320, 19, 2020-2028. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.14854.

Ratten V., da Silva Braga V. L., da Encarnação Marques C. S., (2021). Sport entrepreneurship and value co-creation in times of crisis: The covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Research, Volume 133, ISSN 0148-2963, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.05.001.

Raw K., Sherry E., Schulenkorf N., (2020). Managing Sport for Development: An Investigation of Tensions and Paradox. Sport Management Review, ISSN 1441-3523, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2020.09.002.

Schnitzer M. , Schöttl S.E., Kopp M., Barth M., (2020). COVID-19 stay-at-home order in Tyrol, Austria: sports and exercise behaviour in change? Public Health, Volume 185, ISSN 0033-3506, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.042.

Schrempft, S., Jackowska, M., Hamer, M., & Steptoe, A. (2019). Associations between social isolation, loneliness, and objective physical activity in older men and women. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 74.

Seifried C., Agyemang K., Walker N., Soebbing B., (2021). Sport management and business schools: A growing partnership in a changing higher education environment. The International Journal of Management Education.

Smith, P.J., Potter, G.G., McLaren, M.M., Blumenthal, J.A. (2013). Impact of aerobic exercise on neurobehavioral outcomes, Ment Health Phys Act., 139–153.

Spinelli, M., Lionetti, F., Pastore, M., Fasolo, M. (2020). Parents’ Stress and Children’s Psychological Problems in Families Facing the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy, Front. Psychol, 11,1713. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01713.

Stanton, R., Happel, B., Reaburn, P. (2014). The mental health benefits of regular physical activity, and its role in preventing future depressive illness, Nursing Research and Reviews, 4, 45-53.

Sukendro S., Habibi A., Khaeruddin K., Indrayana B., Syahruddin S., Makadada F., A., Hakim H., (2020) Using an extended Technology Acceptance Model to understand students’ use of e-learning during Covid-19: Indonesian sport science education context. Heliyon n° 6

Warburton, D.E.R., Bredin, S..SD. (2017). Health benefits of physical activity: a systematic review of current systematic reviews. Curr Opin Cardiol., 32, 541–556. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000437

World Health Organization (2015). Global Recommendation on Physical Activity for Health, http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/pa/en/.

Xiang, M., Zhang, Z., Kuwahara, K. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents’ lifestyle behavior larger than expected. Prog Cardiovasc Dis., 63, 4, 531-532. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.013.

Yoon, M.K., Kim, S.Y., Ko, H.S., Lee, M.S. (2016). System effectiveness of detection, brief intervention and refer to treatment for the people with post-traumatic emotional distress by MERS: a case report of community-based proactive intervention in South Korea, Int J Ment Health Syst, 10-51.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.32043/gsd.v5i1_sup.405

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2021 Giornale Italiano di Educazione alla Salute, Sport e Didattica Inclusiva

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Italian Journal of Health Education, Sports and Inclusive Didactics 
ISSN printed: 2532-3296